Xiao-Qi Mi, Cheng Wang, Shu-Qiang Li. Description of six new genera and twenty species of the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China[J]. Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation, 2024, 1(4): 290-342. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2097-3772.2024.023
Citation:
Xiao-Qi Mi, Cheng Wang, Shu-Qiang Li. Description of six new genera and twenty species of the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China[J]. Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation, 2024, 1(4): 290-342. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2097-3772.2024.023
Xiao-Qi Mi, Cheng Wang, Shu-Qiang Li. Description of six new genera and twenty species of the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China[J]. Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation, 2024, 1(4): 290-342. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2097-3772.2024.023
Citation:
Xiao-Qi Mi, Cheng Wang, Shu-Qiang Li. Description of six new genera and twenty species of the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China[J]. Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation, 2024, 1(4): 290-342. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2097-3772.2024.023
College of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering and Planning, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in the Fanjing Mountain Region, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
2.
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Funds:
This research was supported by the Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (2023FY100200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31660609, 32200369), the Science and Technology Project Foundation of Guizhou Province ([2020]1Z014), the Key Laboratory Project of Guizhou Province ([2020]2003), and the Training Project of High-level Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province (2022-(2020)-038)
The orb-weaver spider family Araneidae is the third most speciose spider family, containing 3131 extant species in 191 genera (WSC, 2024). More than 460 species in 50 genera have been recorded in China (Li, 2020; WSC, 2024). Although the number of Chinese araneid species has increased in recent years (Gan et al., 2020; Mi & Li, 2021a, 2021b, 2022; Mi et al., 2023a, 2024a, 2024b; Wang et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2023), some significant problems in Chinese araneid taxonomy have not been addressed. First, the type genus Araneus has been used as a “dumping ground” for vaguely similar species. Currently, more than 120 Chinese species are placed in Araneus, but these species differ considerably in habitus and genitalic structure. Second, some species-rich genera, like Araneus, Argiope, Cyclosa, Neoscona and Eriovixia, are polyphyletic, and the phylogenetic relationships within and among the genera are unclear. Third, it is difficult to identify species without figures or from vague figures in early publications (Schenkel, 1936, 1953, 1963).
Southwest China is the intersection of three global biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al., 2000; Lu et al, 2022; Luo & Li, 2024; Zhang et al, 2023). To reveal the rich biodiversity of the area, we have used the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and its adjacent area as an experimental base. In the past 18 years, a total of 920 spider species have been recorded from this area, and number of species is likely to be up to 1 000 (Li, 2020). In areaneids, the number of species continues to increase due to ongoing research (Mi & Li, 2021a, 2021b; 2022).
This paper aims to describe additional araneid biodiversity in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and the surrounding areas and try to solve some of the problems mentioned above. Six new genera and sixteen new species, and four undescribed males are described in this paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All specimens were collected by beating shrubs during the daytime or direct searching at night and are preserved in 75% ethanol. The specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing, except the comparative material of Songaraneus ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov., which are deposited in the Museum of Tongren University, China (TRU). Methods mainly follow Mi & Li (2022). References to figures in the cited papers are listed in lowercase type (figure or figures), and figures in this paper are noted with an initial capital (Figure or Figures). Some common familial characters are not described in detail unless the structures are modified. The genera are treated in alphabetical order, and within a genus, the type species is treated first when involved, while others are in alphabetical order. Distribution maps are given in Figures 60–63.
Partial fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 12S ribosomal RNA (12S), or 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) gene of four species were amplified and sequenced using the primers LCOI1490 and HCOI2198 (Folmer et al., 1994), or 12S-ai and 12S-bi (Simon et al., 1994), or 16Sar and 16Sb (Xiong & Kocher, 1991) to confirm conspecifity of males and females. The accession numbers are provided (Table 1).
All measurements are given in millimetres. Leg measurements are given as total length (femur, patella+tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Abbreviations used in the text and figures are as follows: ALE: Anterior lateral eye; AME: Anterior median eye; BE: Broken embolus; C: Conductor; CD: Copulatory duct; CO: Copulatory opening; E: Embolus; FD: Fertilization duct; H: Hood; Lo: Lobe; LP: Lateral plate; LS: Lateral sclerite; MA: Median apophysis; MOA: Median ocular area; MP: Median plate; N: Notch; PLE: Posterior lateral eye; PM: Paramedian apophysis; PME: Posterior median eye; PP: Posterior plate; R: Ridge; SB: Secondary body; Sp: Spermatheca; ST: Subterminal apophysis; TA: Terminal apophysis; TS: Tibial spur.
TAXONOMY
Family Araneidae Clerck, 1757
GenusCyclosaMenge, 1866
CyclosaMenge, 1866: 74.
Type species:Aranea conica Pallas, 1772.
Diagnosis: The genus Cyclosa in China has been revised by Yin (1997). It is characterised by having a pear shaped carapace and a U-shaped cervical groove in females, but the groove is inconspicuous in males; both the anterior and posterior eye rows are recurved; the median ocular area is longer than wide and broader anteriorly than posteriorly; the posterior median eyes less than one diameter apart; the abdomen extends beyond the spinnerets; the male pedipalp has only one patellar bristle; the epigyne always has scape and lateral lobes, but the scape is torn off in some individuals.
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, G213 roadside near 68 km milestone (N21°53.82', E101°16.79', ca 620 m above sea level (a.s.l.)), 27.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45073. Paratypes: 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest (N21º54.72', E101º16.94', ca 650 m a.s.l.), 16–24.VIII.2006, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45074; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, tropical evergreen rainforest (N21º55.14', E101º16.30', ca 520 m a.s.l.), 30.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45075.
Diagnosis: The female of the new species resembles that of C. gulinensis Xie, Yin & Kim, 1995 in appearance and genitalic structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) the scape is rounded distally (Figure 3A–D) vs pointed (Xie et al., 1995 figures 8, 9); 2) the spermathecae are touching each other (Figure 3D) vs separated (Xie et al., 1995 figure 11); and 3) the spinnerets are located on 1/2 of the abdomen (Figure 1C) vs the posterior 1/3 (Xie et al., 1995 figure 7). The male of the new species resembles that of C. daodaisp. nov. but differs by: 1) the tibia of pedipalp with a long dorsal spur (Figure 2A, B) vs lacking (Figure 4D–G); 2) the median apophysis with a dorsal spur medially (Figure 2A, C, E) vs with a distal spur (Figure 5C, D); and 3) the terminal apophysis is prominent but weakly sclerotized (Figure 2A–D) vs inconspicuous and membranous (Figure 5A).
Figure
4.Cyclosa daodai sp. nov. A–C: Female paratype IZCAS-Ar45085; D–F, H–K: Male holotype; G: Male paratype IZCAS-Ar45086
A, D, G: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. H–K: Male legs, prolateral view. H: Leg I. I: Leg II. J: Leg III. K: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 1D–J, 2A–E). Total length 2.60. Carapace 1.30 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.30 long, 0.70 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.05, PME 0.08, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.01, PME–PLE 0.13, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.15. Leg measurements: I 2.85 (0.85, 0.95, 0.65, 0.40), II 2.45 (0.70, 0.85, 0.55, 0.35), III 1.80 (0.60, 0.60, 0.35, 0.25), IV 2.80 (0.90, 0.95, 0.60, 0.35). Carapace pear shaped, yellowish brown, with irregular dark patches. Fovea depressed. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with three promarginal teeth and lacking retromarginal teeth. Endites wider than long, yellowish brown, paler on inner edges. Sternum cordiform, yellowish brown with pair of transverse paler patches anteriorly. Legs yellow to yellowish brown, with dark annuli. Abdomen almost rectangular in dorsal view, ~1.86× longer than wide; dorsum whitish yellow with irregular yellowish brown patches. Venter yellow with grey patches. Spinnerets dark brown, situated at posterior 1/3 of ventral abdomen.
Pedipalp (Figure 2A–E): With only one patellar bristle; tibia with long dorsal spur; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis rounded at base, with dorso-medial spur; embolus threadlike, curved near tip; conductor weakly sclerotized, about 2× longer than wide in prolateral view; terminal apophysis weakly sclerotized, about equal in length and width to conductor in prolateral view.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45075, Figures 1A–C, 3A–D): Total length 3.65. Carapace 1.35 long, 1.00 wide. Abdomen 2.50 long, 1.30 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.05, PME 0.08, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.11, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.18, MOA length 0.25, anterior width 0.23, posterior width 0.18. Leg measurements: I 3.05 (0.95, 1.15, 0.60, 0.35), II 2.75 (0.85, 1.00, 0.55, 0.35), III 1.90 (0.60, 0.65, 0.35, 0.30), IV 3.00 (1.00, 1.05, 0.60, 0.35). Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Habitus shape and colouration similar to that of male, but sternum with pair of transverse paler patches and five paler spots near coxae, abdomen with pair of low anterolateral humps and two vertically arranged humps posteriorly, spinnerets situated in middle of abdomen.
Epigyne (Figure 3A–D): Epigynal plate ~1.78× wider than long in ventral view; scape short, sides parallel, attached at anterior margin of epigynal plate; copulatory openings slit-like, situated ventrally near scape base; copulatory ducts twisted to S-shaped; spermathecae kidney shaped, touching each other.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 2.60–2.80 (n=2).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “an jing” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside, bamboo plantation (N21º53.83', E101º17.00', ca 620 m a.s.l.), 25.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45076. Paratypes: 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Lvshilin Forest Park (N21º54.71', E101º16.90', ca 660 m a.s.l.), 13.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45077; 1♀, same locality and collectors as holotype (N21º54.38', E101º16.82', ca 620 m a.s.l.), 21.XI.2009, IZCAS-Ar45078; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, high plantations near G213 roadside (N21º54.12', E101º16.93', ca 590 m a.s.l.), 24.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45079; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, bamboo plantation (N21º53.62', E101º16.96', ca 580 m a.s.l.), 26.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45080; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, G213 roadside, high plantation (N21º54.09', E101º17.02', ca 570 m a.s.l.), 28.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45081; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, tropical evergreen rainforest (N21º55.14', E101º16.30', ca 520 m a.s.l.), 30.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45082; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, valley, tropical seasonal rainforest (N21º56.21', E101º16.20', ca 560 m a.s.l.), 1.XII.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45083; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside, Anogeissus acuminate plantation (N21º53.99', E101º16.95', ca 590 m a.s.l.), 2.XII.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45084; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #1 site around the dump (N21°54.28', E101°16.75', ca 630 m a.s.l.), 25.IV.2019, Z.L. Bai et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45085; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, 200 m east of Lvshilin Forest Park (N21°57.95', E101°12.30', ca 780 m a.s.l.), 13.VIII.2011, Q.Y. Zhao leg., IZCAS-Ar45086.
Diagnosis: The female of the new species resembles that of C. cucurbitoria (Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990) but can be distinguished as follows: 1) the epigynal plate with a broad longitudinal ridge (Figure 6A–C) vs a gourd-shaped scape directed anteriorly (Yin, 1997 figure 144d); and 2) the spermathecae touch each other (Figure 6D, E) vs separated (Yin, 1997 figure 144e). The male of the new species resembles that of C. anjingsp. nov., see the diagnosis for C. anjingsp. nov.
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 4D–F, H–K, 5A–D; paratype IZCAS-Ar45086, Figure 4G). Total length 2.75. Carapace 1.25 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.50 long, 0.75 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.05, PME 0.03, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.08, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.23, posterior width 0.15. Leg measurements: I 2.90 (0.85, 0.95, 0.70, 0.40), II 2.45 (0.70, 0.80, 0.60, 0.35), III 1.85 (0.60, 0.60, 0.35, 0.30), IV 2.90 (0.85, 1.00, 0.70, 0.35). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown. Fovea depressed. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with three promarginal teeth and lacking retromarginal teeth. Endites square, yellowish brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, yellowish brown, with pair of transverse paler patches anteriorly and paler edges posteriorly. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen cylindrical, ~2× longer than wide, yellowish brown. Venter yellowish brown. Spinnerets yellowish brown, situated at posterior 1/3 of abdomen.
Pedipalp (Figure 5A–D): With only one patellar bristle; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis ~3× longer than wide, with distal spur; embolus threadlike; conductor flattened, weakly sclerotized, trifurcated in apical view; terminal apophysis long, membranous, narrowest medially, flattened distally.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45085, Figures 4A–C, 6A–E): Total length 4.75. Carapace 1.40 long, 0.90 wide. Abdomen 3.45 long, 1.15 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.08, MOA length 0.25, anterior width 0.23, posterior width 0.28. Leg measurements: I 3.45 (1.00, 1.25, 0.80, 0.40), II 3.20 (0.90, 1.15, 0.70, 0.45), III 2.10 (0.65, 0.70, 0.40, 0.35), IV 3.40 (1.05, 1.20, 0.75, 0.40). Habitus morphology and colouration similar to that of male but thoracic region paler than cephalic region, chelicerae with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth, sternum with radial paler patches, abdomen pointed posteriorly, spinnerets situated at middle of abdomen.
Epigyne (Figure 6A–E): Epigynal plate ~1.25× wider than long in ventral view, with distinct longitudinal ridge; copulatory openings on ventral surface near ridge; copulatory ducts twisted; spermathecae ovoid, touching each other.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 2.65–3.00 (n=7); ♀ 4.00–4.75 (n=4).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “dao dai” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside, bamboo plantation (N21º54.39', E101º16.80', ca 630 m a.s.l.), 22.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45087. Paratypes: 1♀, same data as for holotype; IZCAS-Ar45088; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, rubber plantation (N21º54.70', E101º16.39', ca 590 m a.s.l.), 12.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45089; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside, secondary forest (N21º54.46', E101º16.76', ca 640 m a.s.l.), 20.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45090.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles C. albisternis Simon, 1888 in appearance, but can be distinguished as follows: 1) dorsal abdomen of female with three pairs of lateral humps (Figure 7A, C) vs two pairs of lateral humps (Tanikawa, 1992 figures 57, 58); 2) scape parallel-sided (Figure 9A) vs widest medially (Tanikawa, 1992 figure 56); 3) conductor deeply bifurcated distally (Figure 8A, B) vs not bifurcated (Tanikawa, 1992 figure 60); and 4) median apophysis shallowly bifurcated distally (Figure 8E) vs not bifurcated (Tanikawa, 1992 figure 59).
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 7D–J, 8A–E). Total length 3.75. Carapace 1.90 long, 1.40 wide. Abdomen 1.95 long, 1.20 wide. Clypeus 0.18 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.01, PME–PLE 0.15, MOA length 0.25, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.18. Leg measurements: I 5.00 (1.65, 1.80, 1.00, 0.55), II 4.50 (1.05, 1.05, 0.90, 0.50), III 3.25 (1.15, 1.10, 0.60, 0.40), IV 4.55 (1.55, 1.55, 0.95, 0.50). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown. Fovea depressed. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites longer than wide, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, yellowish brown, with inconspicuous paler patches. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.63× longer than wide, greyish yellow; dorsum with longitudinal dark band and two pairs of irregular dark patches. Venter greyish brown. Spinnerets greyish brown.
Pedipalp (Figure 8A–E): With only one patellar bristle; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis prominent, ~3.77× longer than wide, distal end bifurcated; embolus threadlike, almost straight; conductor longer than wide, distal end bifurcated, dorsal ramus heavily sclerotized; terminal apophysis bubble like at base, tapered at tip.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45088, Figures 7A–C, 9A–E): Total length 6.25. Carapace 2.05 long, 1.75 wide. Abdomen 4.40 long, 2.90 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.13, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.23, MOA length 0.28, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.18. Leg measurements: I 5.85 (1.95, 2.10, 1.20, 0.60), II 5.25 (1.75, 1.85, 1.10, 0.55), III 3.65 (1.25, 1.25, 0.70, 0.45), IV 5.50 (1.90, 1.95, 1.15, 0.50). Chelicerae with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Habitus morphology and colouration similar to that of male, but sternum with radial paler patches, abdomen with anterior hump, three pairs of lateral humps and a posterior hump, spinnerets situated at middle ventral abdomen.
Epigyne (Figure 9A–E): Epigynal plate ~1.45× wider than long in ventral view, with heavily sclerotized, parallel-sided scape; copulatory openings slit-like, situated on ventral surface; copulatory ducts slightly twisted, a bit longer than spermathecae; spermathecae ovoid, touching each other.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 3.10–3.75 (n=3).
Distribution. China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “long quan” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, around the Ecological Observation Station near 55 km milestone (N21°57.74', E101°12.07', ca 680 m a.s.l.), 11.VI.2013, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45091. Paratypes: 1♀, same data as for holotype; IZCAS-Ar45092; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yulinjiegou scenic spot (N21°55.60', E101°15.50', ca 570 m a.s.l.), 24.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45093; 1♀, Mengla County, Mohan Township, Shanggang Village, Xiaolongha (N21°24.25', E101°36.32', ca 760 m a.s.l.), 15.VI.2013, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45094.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles C. bianchoria Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 in appearance and genitalic structure, but it can be distinguished as follows: 1) median apophysis with only one constriction in ventral view (Figure 11C) vs two constrictions (Yin et al., 1990 figures 152, 153); 2) distal median apophysis wide and flat (Figure 11C) vs pointed (Yin et al., 1990 figures 152, 153); and 3) female abdomen with two lateral humps posteriorly (Figure 10A) vs lateral humps inconspicuous (Yin et al., 1990 figure 148).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 10D–J, 11A–D). Total length 3.50. Carapace 2.00 long, 1.45 wide. Abdomen 1.55 long, 0.90 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.08, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.15, MOA length 0.30, anterior width 0.33, posterior width 0.20. Leg measurements: I 5.20 (1.65, 1.85, 1.15, 0.55), II 4.55 (1.50, 1.55, 1.00, 0.50), III 3.30 (1.10, 1.10, 0.65, 0.45), IV 4.60 (1.50, 1.60, 1.00, 0.50). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown, with paler patches in thoracic region near fovea. Fovea depressed. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, dark brown. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen somewhat rectangular, ~1.72× longer than wide; dorsum yellow with dark edges. Venter yellowish brown to dark brown. Spinnerets yellowish brown.
Pedipalp (Figure 11A–D): With only one patellar bristle; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis inverted C-shaped; embolus threadlike, slightly twisted into S-shape; conductor a bit longer than wide, heavily sclerotized dorsally and membranous ventrally; terminal apophysis bubble like at base, distal end straight and tapered.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45092, Figures 10A–C, 12A–D): Total length 5.20. Carapace 1.85 long, 1.30 wide. Abdomen 3.70 long, 1.70 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.15, MOA length 0.30, anterior width 0.30, posterior width 0.23. Leg measurements: I 5.35 (1.65, 1.95, 1.15, 0.60), II 5.00 (1.55, 1.80, 1.10, 0.55), III 3.45 (1.15, 1.15, 0.70, 0.45), IV 5.15 (1.75, 1.85, 1.05, 0.50). Chelicerae with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Habitus similar to that of male, but with paler patches in thoracic region and abdomen with pair of posterolateral humps, spinnerets situated medially on ventral abdomen.
Epigyne(Figure 12A–D): Epigynal plate ~1.12× wider than long in ventral view, with short anteriorly directed lobe; copulatory openings slit-like, situated on ventral surface; copulatory ducts twisted to S-shape, longer than spermathecae; spermathecae ovoid, touching each other.
Figure
13.Gasteracantha diadesmia Thorell, 1887. A, B: Female IZCAS-Ar45099; C–I: Male IZCAS-Ar45098
A, C: Habitus, dorsal B, D: Ibid., ventral view. E: Ibid., lateral view. F–I: Male legs, prolateral view. F: Leg I. G: Leg II. H: Leg III. I: Leg IV. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B): 1.0 mm (C–I). Photo by X.Q.M.
Gasteracantha diadesmia Thorell, 1887: 225 (♀); Yin, 1997: 95, figure 24a–c (♀); Song et al., 1999: 281, figure 168C, D, P (♀). (type material not examined).
Material examined: 1♂1♀, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (N21°55.40', E101°14.88', ca 510 m a.s.l.), 18.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45095–45096; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, around the museum (N21°55.60', E101°15.50', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 23.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45097. 1♂1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside, Mannanxing (N21°53.49', E101°17.11', ca 560 m a.s.l.), 9.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45098–45099; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (N21°55.07', E101°16.36', ca 580 m a.s.l.), 10.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45100; 1♂1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yulinjiegou scenic spot (N21°55.40', E101°16.36', ca 590 m a.s.l.), 11.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45101–45102.
Diagnosis: The female of this species resembles that of G. diardi (Lucas, 1835) in appearance and genitalic structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) epigyne truncated distally (Figure 15B) vs triangular (Tan et al., 2019: 6F); and 2) anterior transverse dark band on dorsal abdomen with smooth and parallel edges (Figure 13A) vs rough anterior edge (Tan et al., 2019: 1C, D). The male of this species resembles that of G. kuhli C. L. Koch, 1837 in appearance and genitalic structure, but differs by: 1) the abdomen ~1.2× longer than wide (Figure 13C) vs about equal in length and width (Tanikawa, 2007 figure 63); and 2) median apophysis with smooth edges in prolateral view (Figure 14A) vs with pointed spurs (Tanikawa, 2007 figure 472).
Description: Male (IZCAS-Ar45098, Figures 13C–I, 14A–D). Total length 2.40. Carapace 1.20 long, 0.80 wide. Abdomen 1.50 long, 1.25 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PME 0.06, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.25, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.25, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.20, posterior width 0.18. Leg measurements: I 1.94 (0.53, 0.73, 0.38, 0.30), II 1.82 (0.63, 0.58, 0.33, 0.28), III 1.24 (0.40, 0.38, 0.23, 0.23), IV 1.85 (0.65, 0.60, 0.35, 0.25). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea depressed. Chelicerae yellow, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites wider than long, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum ~1.2× longer than wide, widest at level of coxae II/III, dark brown. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen bell shaped, ~1.2× longer than wide, rounded anteriorly and with two lateral humps posteriorly; dorsum greyish brown with four paler patches arranged in a line medially. Venter of abdomen greyish brown with paler lateral patches. Spinnerets dark brown.
Pedipalp (Figure 14A–D): Paracymbium flattened; median apophysis heavily sclerotized, ~1.93× longer than wide in ventral view; paramedian apophysis ovoid, with dozens of denticles; embolus threadlike, almost straight; conductor semi-circular, membranous.
Female (IZCAS-Ar45099, Figures 13A, B, 15A–E): Total length 10.20. Carapace 3.50 long, 3.80 wide. Abdomen 8.60 long, 21.40 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.09, PME 0.11, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.14, PME–PME 0.30, PME–PLE 0.38, MOA length 0.40, anterior width 0.48, posterior width 0.53. Leg measurements: I 8.80 (2.75, 3.20, 1.80, 1.05), II 8.60 (3.00, 2.90, 1.65, 1.05), III 6.85 (2.35, 2.30, 1.25, 0.95), IV 10.30 (3.60, 3.30, 2.25, 1.15). Carapace nearly square, dark brown. Cervical groove obvious; fovea depressed. Chelicerae dark brown, with eight promarginal and five retromarginal teeth. Endites square, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum ~1.37× longer than wide, widest at level of coxae II, dark brown with large paler spot anteriorly. Legs yellowish brown without annuli. Abdomen ~2.49× wider than long, with two pairs of lateral spines and a pair of posterior spines; dorsum yellow with two transverse greyish brown patches and 28 sigillae. Venter greyish brown with paler spots and darker sigillae. Spinnerets dark brown.
Epigyne (Figure 15A–E): Epigynal plate ~1.5× wider than long in ventral view, heavily sclerotized, with short scape; copulatory openings wedge-shaped, situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts twisted into a semi-circle, a bit longer than spermathecal diameter; spermathecae rounded, not touching.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 2.25–2.70 (n=4); ♀ 9.70–10.20 (n=4).
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan), Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Singapore.
Remarks: IZCAS-Ar45098 and IZCAS-Ar45099 were collected in the same web.
Genus Guizygiella Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997
GuizygiellaZhu, Kim & Song, 1997: 4.
Type species:Zygiella salta Yin & Gong, 1996.
Diagnosis:Guizygiella was formally transferred from the family Tetragnathidae to Araneidae by Kallal & Hormiga (2022). Based on the descriptions of Zhu et al. (2003) and specimens of G. salta (Yin & Gong, 1996), G. guangxiensis (Zhu & Zhang, 1993), G. melanocrania (Thorell, 1887) and G. nadleri (Heimer, 1984). We have found that the genus is characterised by having: a pear-shaped carapace that is darker in the cephalic region than in thoracic region; both anterior and posterior eye rows recurved; median ocular area wider anteriorly than posteriorly; posterior median eyes adjacent; abdomen elliptical, dorsal folium almost symmetrical from anterior to posterior; male pedipalp with two patellar bristles; basal cymbium enlarged and fused with paracymbium; tegulum and subtegulum somewhat transverse in ventral view; median apophysis present (G. guangxiensis and G. nadleri) or not; terminal apophysis present (G. nadleri) or not; epigyne without scape; spermathecae kidney shaped or spherical.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong City, Mengyang Township (N22º9.77', E100º52.55', ca 860 m a.s.l.), 22.VII.2012, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45103. Paratypes: 1♀, Mengla County, Mohan Township, Shanggang Village, Xiaolongha (N21°24.21', E101°37.00', ca 830 m a.s.l.), 3.VII.2012, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45104; 1♀, Mengla County, Mengla Township, Bubang Village (N21°36.64', E101°34.91', ca 820 m a.s.l.), 10.VII.2012, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45105; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #3 site around the dump (N21°54.34', E101°16.80', ca 620 m a.s.l.), 2.V.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45106.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles G. salta (Yin & Gong, 1996) in appearance but can be distinguished as follows: 1) copulatory openings rounded (Figure 18A) vs rectangular (Zhu et al., 2003 figure 20F); 2) spermathecae spherical (Figure 18C, D) vs kidney shaped (Zhu et al., 2003 figure 20G); 3) basal cymbium enlarged, triangular (Figure 17B, C) vs not enlarged (Zhu et al., 2003 figure 20I, J); 4) median apophysis flat, rounded in prolateral view (Figure 17A) vs lacking median apophysis (Zhu et al., 2003 figure 20I); and 5) embolus almost hidden in ventral view (Figure 17C) vs completely visible (Zhu et al., 2003 figure 20I).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 16D–F, 17A–D). Total length 2.75. Carapace 1.45 long, 1.15 wide. Abdomen 1.70 long, 1.25 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.13, MOA length 0.30, anterior width 0.30, posterior width 0.23. Leg measurements: I 4.70 (1.30, 1.75, 1.10, 0.55), II 4.25 (1.20, 1.55, 1.00, 0.50), III 2.90 (0.95, 0.95, 0.60, 0.40), IV 3.60 (1.15, 1.25, 0.75, 0.45). Carapace pear shaped, greyish yellow in cephalic region and whitish yellow in thoracic region. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea transverse. Chelicerae greyish yellow, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites longer than wide, yellow, with very narrow, dark anterior edges. Sternum cordiform, greyish yellow. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.36× longer than wide; dorsum whitish yellow with dark median longitudinal band, the band with four pairs of lateral constrictions. Venter yellow with grey patches. Spinnerets greyish yellow.
Pedipalp (Figure 17A–D): With two patellar bristles; basal cymbium enlarged and fused with paracymbium; median apophysis large, flat, somewhat rounded in prolateral view; embolus broad at base, angled at approximately 45°; conductor membranous, about 2.67× longer than wide in retrolateral view; terminal apophysis weakly sclerotized, broad at base, blunt at tip.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45105, Figures 16A–C, 18A–D): Total length 3.45. Carapace 1.10 long, 1.15 wide. Abdomen 2.30 long, 1.85 wide. Clypeus 0.03 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.08, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.13, MOA length 0.28, anterior width 0.30, posterior width 0.23. Leg measurements: I 4.20 (1.20, 1.50, 1.00, 0.50), II 3.65 (1.10, 1.25, 0.85, 0.45), III 2.60 (0.80, 0.85, 0.55, 0.40), IV 3.60 (1.10, 1.25, 0.80, 0.45). Habitus similar to that of male.
Epigyne (Figure 18A–D): Epigynal plate ~1.37× wider than long in ventral view; copulatory openings almost circular, situated on ventral surface; copulatory ducts straight, about equal length as spermathecaee; spermathecae rounded, with long secondary body, not touching.
Variation: Total length: ♀ 2.75–3.45 (n=3).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “hua hai” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Genus Neoscona Simon, 1864
NeosconaSimon, 1864: 261.
Type species:Epeira arabesca Walckenaer, 1841.
Diagnosis: Yin (1997) revised the Chinese Neoscona species. The genus is characterised by having the: carapace longer than wide, fovea longitudinal, eight eyes in two recurved rows, anterior median eyes larger than or equal to posterior median eyes, lateral eyes smallest, anterior eyes slightly more than their diameter apart, posterior eyes less than their diameter apart, clypeus less than diameter of anterior median eyes; leg formula I, II, IV, III or I, IV, II, III, coxa I of males with hook, and femur II with corresponding groove; abdomen ovoid, cylindrical or subtriangular; venter with large dark patch with paler patches at margins; epigyne with spatula-shaped scape; pedipalp with two patellar bristles, median apophysis, conductor and terminal apophysis arranged in a line in prolateral view.
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 5.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Neoscona jinghongensis Yin et al., 1990: 117, figures 288–290 (♀); Yin, 1997: 356, figure 252a–f (♀); Song et al., 1999: 299, figures 175U, V, 176A, 180H (♀). (holotype, ♀, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong City, collected in 21–23.X.1987 by J.F. Wang, deposited in Museum of Hunan Normal University, not examined).
Neoscona flavescens Zhang & Zhang, 2011: 520, figures 14–18. (misidentification, paratype, 1♂, China: Guizhou Province, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Libo County, collected in 10.V.2008 by H.M. Chen, deposited in Museum of Hebei University, not examined).
Material examined: 1♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, G213 roadside near 68 km milestone (N21°53.87', E101°16.79', ca 620 m a.s.l.), 27.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45112; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yulinjiegou scenic spot (N21°55.13', E101°16.08', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 5.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45113; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Lvshilin Forest Park (N21°54.65', E101°17.02', ca 690 m a.s.l.), 9.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45114; 2♂2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #3 site around the dump (N21°54.34', E101°16.79', ca 620 m a.s.l.), 2.V.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45115–45118; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.60', E101°14.87', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 3.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45119–45120; 2♂1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (N21°54.18', E101°16.90', ca 610 m a.s.l.), 5.V.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45121–45123.
Diagnosis: The female of this species resembles that of N. bengalensis Tikader & Bal, 1981 in appearance and genitalic structure but differs in having: 1) distal end of the scape blunt (Figure 21A) vs pointed (Tikader & Bal, 1981 figure 23); and 2) sides of the scape almost parallel (Figure 21A) vs deeply constricted (Tikader & Bal, 1981 figure 23). The male of this species resembles N. vigilans (Blackwall, 1865) in appearance and genitalic structure, but it can be distinguished as follows: 1) upper layer of terminal apophysis bifurcated (Figure 20A, D) vs not bifurcated (Yin, 1997 figure 257h); and 2) conductor not bifurcated in prolateral view (Figure 20A) vs bifurcated (Yin, 1997 figure 257h).
Description: Male (IZCAS-Ar45121, Figures 19D–J, 20A–E). Total length 8.00. Carapace 4.60 long, 3.70 wide. Abdomen 4.50 long, 3.20 wide. Clypeus 0.15 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.13, PME 0.15, PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.20, AME–ALE 0.23, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.53, MOA length 0.58, anterior width 0.53, posterior width 0.38. Leg measurements: I 15.40 (4.60, 5.70, 3.60, 1.50), II 13.80 (4.30, 4.80, 3.30, 1.40), III 8.30 (3.00, 2.70, 1.70, 0.90), IV 12.40 (4.20, 4.30, 2.90, 1.00). Carapace pear shaped, yellow with dark brown lateral patches on thoracic region. Cervical groove conspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, yellowish brown paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, yellow with interrupted paler longitudinal patches. Legs yellowish brown, legs III and IV with yellow annuli. Abdomen ovoid, ~1.41× longer than wide; dorsum greyish brown with many dark wedge-shaped patches. Venter yellow with darker patches. Spinnerets yellowish brown.
Pedipalp (Figure 20A–E): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis long, tapered towards tip, gently curved; embolus short, conical; conductor prominent, conical, heavily sclerotized at base, weakly sclerotized distally; terminal apophysis divided into two parts, upper part bifurcated, lower part rounded distally.
Female (IZCAS-Ar45123, Figures 19A–C, 21A–E): Total length 9.80. Carapace 5.00 long, 4.00 wide. Abdomen 6.40 long, 5.60 wide. Clypeus 0.15 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.13, PME 0.15, PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.25, AME–ALE 0.73, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.75, MOA length 0.58, anterior width 0.55, posterior width 0.40. Leg measurements: I 16.40 (4.30, 6.50, 4.10, 1.50), II 16.10 (4.50, 6.20, 4.00, 1.40), III 9.80 (3.40, 3.40, 2.00, 1.00), IV 14.10 (4.90, 5.30, 3.60, 1.10). Habitus similar to that of male but carapace and sternum lacking patches, paler patches on ventral abdomen more obvious.
Epigyne (Figure 21A–E): Parallel-sided scape ~3.9× longer than wide; copulatory openings semi-circular, located at posterior surface close to a protuberance; copulatory ducts slightly twisted, a bit longer than spermathecae; spermathecae elliptical, nearly touching.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 6.70–8.00 (n=6); ♀ 8.10–13.00 (n=6).
Distribution: China (Yunnan, Guizhou).
Remarks: Conspecifity of males and females is supported by molecular evidence.
Neoscona nautica (L. Koch, 1875)
Neoscona polyspinipes Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990: 104, figures 254, 258–260; Yin, 1997: 352, figure 248a, c, d, f–h; Song et al., 1999: 300, figures 176V–X, 180N; Yin et al., 2012: 735, figure 365a, c, d, f–h (syn. nov., holotype, ♀, China: Hunan Province, Changsha City, Liuyang City, collected in 1985 by Y.J. Zhang, deposited in Museum of Hunan Normal University, examined).
Neoscona flavescens Zhang & Zhang, 2011: 520, figures 10–13 (syn. nov., holotype, ♀, China: Guizhou Province, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Libo County, collected in 10.V.2008 by H.M. Chen, deposited in Museum of Hebei University, not examined).
Material examined: 1♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, near the west gate (N21°56.03', E101°15.06', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 30.IV.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45124. 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.95', E101°15.03', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 13.V.–13.VI.2020, Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45125.
Distribution: China (Yunnan, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Heilongjiang), Asia and Pacific islands. Introduced to the Americas and Africa.
Remarks: Yin (1997) separated Chinese Neoscona species into three species groups: the N. adianta species group, the N. punctigera species group and the N. Scylla species group. The N. punctigera species group is characterised by long triangular or parallel-sided long scape, long falcate median apophysis, which exists in N. jinghongensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990, N. menghaiensis Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990, N. punctigera (Doleschall, 1857) and N. vigilans (Blackwall, 1865). Judging from this, we think both the females and males of N. polyspinipes Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 and N. flavescens Zhang & Zhang, 2011 are mismatched. Following examination of the holotype of N. polyspinipes, we conclude that N. nautica (L. Koch, 1875) is a new senior synonym of N. polyspinipes Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 syn. nov. Although the holotype of N. flavescens was not examined, the original figures (Zhang & Zhang, 2011) are clear enough for identification, so we propose N. flavescens Zhang & Zhang, 2011 syn. nov. as a new junior synonym of N. nautica (L. Koch, 1875).
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 10 mm (A–F): 5.0 mm (G–J). Photo by X.Q.M.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Mohan Township, Shanggang Village, Xiaolongha (N21°24.19', E101°37.03', ca 660 m a.s.l.), 29.VI.2012, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45126. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as for holotype; IZCAS-Ar45127; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside, bamboo plantation (N21º53.64', E101º16.94', ca 580 m a.s.l.), 3.XII.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45128; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, around the museum (N21°55.60', E101°15.50', 550 m a.s.l.), 21.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45129–45130; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Lvshilin Forest Park (N21°54.67', E101°16.98', ca 630 m a.s.l.), 22.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45131; 1♀, same locality and collectors as IZCAS-Ar45129–45130, IZCAS-Ar45132; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yulinjiegou scenic spot (N21°55.13', E101°16.08', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 28.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45133–45134; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, vine garden (N21°55.80', E101°15.41', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 1.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45135–45136; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, palm plantation (N21°55.47', E101°15.05', ca 560 m a.s.l.), 13.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45137.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles N. vigilans (Blackwall, 1865) in appearance and genitalic structure, but can be distinguished as follows: 1) scape widest at base (Figure 24A) vs medially (Yin, 1997 figure 257c); 2) dorsal surface of scape not keeled at base (arrow in Figure 24C) vs keeled at base (Yin, 1997 figure 257d); 3) upper part of terminal apophysis bifurcated (Figure 23A–D) vs not bifurcated (Yin, 1997 figure 257h); and 4) conductor not bifurcated in prolateral view (Figure 23A) vs bifurcated (Yin, 1997 figure 257h).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 22D–J, 23A–D). Total length 12.00. Carapace 7.00 long, 5.40 wide. Abdomen 6.30 long, 5.00 wide. Clypeus 0.35 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.28, ALE 0.18, PME 0.23, PLE 0.18, AME–AME 0.25, AME–ALE 0.58, PME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.80, MOA length 0.78, anterior width 0.78, posterior width 0.58. Leg measurements: I 23.90 (7.40, 8.50, 5.80, 2.20), II 21.10 (6.70, 7.10, 5.30, 2.00), III 12.00 (4.20, 4.00, 2.60, 1.20), IV 19.40 (6.60, 6.50, 4.80, 1.50). Carapace pear shaped, yellowish brown with four pairs of radial dark patches in thoracic region. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae dark brown, with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites somewhat longer than wide, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, grey with broad paler longitudinal patch. Legs brown with yellow annuli. Abdomen ovoid, ~1.26× longer than wide, greyish yellow; dorsum with greyish brown folium posteriorly. Venter greyish brown with pair of white spots. Spinnerets yellowish brown.
Pedipalp (Figure 23A–D): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis elongated, tapered towards tip, gently curved distally; embolus short, conical; conductor prominent, conical at tip; terminal apophysis divided into two parts, upper part flap-like, bifurcated, lower part rounded distally.
Female(paratype IZCAS-Ar45137, Figures 22A–C, 24A–E): Total length 21.50. Carapace 9.40 long, 7.70 wide. Abdomen 13.50 long, 13.40 wide. Clypeus 0.28 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.38, ALE 0.25, PME 0.28, PLE 0.23, AME–AME 0.35, AME–ALE 1.20, PME–PME 0.20, PME–PLE 1.58, MOA length 0.98, anterior width 0.98, posterior width 0.68. Leg measurements: I 31.50 (9.50, 12.10, 7.40, 2.50), II 25.30 (7.80, 9.30, 6.10, 2.10), III 17.90 (6.20, 6.40, 3.70, 1.60), IV 27.60 (9.50, 10.00, 6.50, 1.60). Habitus morphology and colouration similar to that of male, but carapace, sternum and dorsal abdomen lacking patches.
Epigyne (Figure 24A–E): Scape ~2.42× longer than wide, widest at base; copulatory openings circular, situated on a pair of lateral bulges on posterior surface; copulatory ducts slightly twisted, a bit longer than spermathecaee; spermathecae ovoid, touching each other.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 12.00–12.20 (n=2); ♀ 13.20–21.50 (n=10).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “piao yi” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Remarks: Conspecifity of males and females is supported by molecular evidence.
Neoscona vigilans (Blackwall, 1865)
Neoscona vigilans Yin, 1997: 361, figure 257a–j.
Neoscona polyspinipes Yin et al., 1990: 104, figures 255–257, 261; Song et al., 1997: 1716, figure 18a, b; Yin, 1997: 352, figure 248b, e, i–k; Song et al., 1999: 300, figure 179D–E; Yin et al., 2012: 735, figure 365b, e, i–k (misidentification, paratype, 1♂, China: Hunan Province, Changsha City, Liuyang City, collected in 1985 by Y.J. Zhang, deposited in Museum of Hunan Normal University, examined).
Neoscona xiquanensis Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, in Barrion et al., 2013: 5, figure 3A–I (syn. nov., holotype, ♂, China: Hainan Province, Lingshui County, Xiquan Village, collected in 29.III.2011 by Alberto T. Barrion et al., deposited in the Crop Protection Department, Hainan University, not examined).
Material examined: 1♀, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.95', E101°15.03', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 13.V.–13.VI.2020, Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45138.
Remarks: Male allotype and paratypes of Neoscona polyspinipes Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 were examined, and we determined that the specimens are misidentified and that they are N. vigilans (Blackwall, 1865) in fact. Lin et al. (2023) examined the type specimen of N. xiquanensis and proposed it as a senior synonym of N. polyspinipes; thus, we propose N. xiquanensis Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 syn. nov. as a new junior synonym of N. vigilans (Blackwall, 1865).
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 5.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, exotic flowers and rare herbs garden (N21°55.61', E101°14.94', ca 600 m a.s.l.), 13.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45139. Paratypes: 2♀, same data as for holotype, IZCAS-Ar45140–45141; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.60', E101°14.87', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 6.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45142–45143; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, low bamboo plantation (N21°53.89', E101°16.72', ca 570 m a.s.l.), 12.V.2019, Z.L. Bai et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45144; 1♀, same locality and collectors as IZCAS-Ar45139, 12.V.2019, IZCAS-Ar45145; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.95', E101°15.03', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 13.V.–13.VI.2020, Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45146.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles N. punctigera (Doleschall, 1857) in appearance and genitalic structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) copulatory openings situated on ventral surface (Figure 27A) vs posterior surface (Tanikawa, 1998 figure 95); 2) scape tongue-shaped (Figure 27A) vs triangular (Tanikawa, 1998 figure 93); 3) terminal apophysis rounded distally (Figure 26A) vs pointed (Tanikawa, 1998 figures 98, 99); and 4) upper part of terminal apophysis rounded distally (Figure 26C, D) vs pointed (Tanikawa, 1998 figures 98, 99).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 25D–J, 26A–E). Total length 7.70. Carapace 4.40 long, 3.00 wide. Abdomen 4.30 long, 3.20 wide. Clypeus 0.18 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.13, PME 0.10, PLE 0.18, AME–AME 0.23, AME–ALE 0.38, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.65, MOA length 0.58, anterior width 0.63, posterior width 0.48. Leg measurements: I 14.90 (4.50, 5.80, 3.30, 1.30), II 13.50 (4.20, 5.00, 3.10, 1.20), III 8.20 (2.90, 2.60, 1.80, 0.90), IV 12.30 (3.60, 4.50, 3.10, 1.10). Carapace pear shaped, yellow with two pairs of irregular dark patches in thoracic region; base of eyes black. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae yellow, with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, brown with paler inner edges. Labium yellow with darker lateral edges. Sternum ~1.46× longer than wide, widest at level of coxae II/III, yellow with irregular white patches. Legs yellow with greyish brown annuli. Abdomen ovoid, ~1.34× longer than wide, with pair of low anterolateral humps, whitish yellow; dorsum with triangular greyish brown patch anteriorly and greyish brown folium posteriorly. Venter yellow with white patches. Spinnerets yellow.
Pedipalp (Figure 26A–E): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis long, tapered towards tip, gently curved distally; embolus short, conical; conductor weakly sclerotized, concave medially; terminal apophysis heavily sclerotized, divided into two layers, both rounded distally.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45145, Figures 25A–C, 27A–E): Total length 12.80. Carapace 6.20 long, 5.10 wide. Abdomen 9.10 long, 8.00 wide. Clypeus 0.20 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.23, ALE 0.15, PME 0.18, PLE 0.15, AME–AME 0.23, AME–ALE 0.88, PME–PME 0.25, PME–PLE 1.18, MOA length 0.70, anterior width 0.70, posterior width 0.58. Leg measurements: I 19.40 (5.70, 7.60, 4.50, 1.60), II 18.00 (5.20, 7.00, 4.20, 1.60), III 11.50 (3.90, 3.80, 2.60, 1.20), IV 17.50 (5.50, 6.40, 4.20, 1.40). Habitus similar to that of male, but carapace lacking darker patches.
Epigyne(Figure 27A–E): Scape ~1.91× wider than long in ventral view, widest at base; copulatory openings semi-circular, situated on ventral surface, partly covered by scape; copulatory ducts gently curved, about equal length to spermathecae; spermathecae ovoid, nearly touching.
Variation: Total length: ♀ 9.00–13.20 (n=7).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “wu ding” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Remarks: Conspecifity of male and females has been supported by molecular evidence.
Genus Pengaraneus gen. nov.
Type species:Pengaraneus qingtiansp. nov.
Diagnosis: The new genus differs from other genera of the family by the following combination of characteristics: 1) median ocular area almost facing forward (Figure 28E, G, I); 2) abdomen wider than long, with pair of anterior humps and three pairs of lateral humps (Figure 28E, F, I); 3) somewhat paler colouration (Figure 28E–I); and 4) epigyne heavily sclerotized, with notched posterior scape (Figure 28A).
Description: Same as for species P. qingtiansp. nov.
Etymology: The generic name is a compound word with “Peng” and the generic name Araneus. “Peng” is the family name of Prof. Xianjin Peng (Hunan Normal University) who has greatly contribute to the taxonomy of Chinese jumping spiders. Gender is masculine.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Paramichelia baillonii plantation (about 20 years) (N21º53.82', E101º17.07', ca 610 m a.s.l.), 18.VIII.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45147. Paratypes: 1♀, same data as for holotype; IZCAS-Ar45148; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, secondary tropical seasonal moist forest (N21º54.39', E101º16.81', ca 610 m a.s.l.), 10.VIII.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45149–45150; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Paramichelia baillonii plantation (about 20 years) (N21º54.20', E101º16.92', ca 610 m a.s.l.), 18.VIII.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45151; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Lvshilin Forest Park (N21º54.61', E101º16.87', ca 630 m a.s.l.), 14.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45152; 1♀, same locality and collectors as IZCAS-Ar45152 (N21º54.71', E101º16.90', ca 660 m a.s.l.), IZCAS-Ar45153.
Diagnosis: See diagnosis for the genus.
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 28H, I, 29A–D). Total length 2.40. Carapace 1.40 long, 1.20 wide. Abdomen 1.60 long, 2.05 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.08, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.13, PME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.13, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.28. Leg measurements: I 3.90 (1.35, 1.35, 0.75, 0.45), II 3.55 (1.25, 1.20, 0.70, 0.40), III 2.30 (0.85, 0.75, 0.40, 0.30), IV 2.90 (1.00, 1.00, 0.60, 0.30). Carapace pear shaped, whitish yellow with grey longitudinal patch in cephalic region. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea depressed. Chelicerae whitish yellow, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, whitish yellow, with very narrow, brown anterior edges. Sternum cordiform, whitish yellow. Legs whitish yellow without annuli. Abdomen ~1.31× wider than long, whitish yellow; dorsum with pair of humps anteriorly and three pairs of humps laterally. Venter, including spinnerets, whitish yellow.
Pedipalp (Figure 29A–D): Paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis horn shaped; embolus thick and abruptly curved at base, tapered into fine tip; conductor membranous, curled, triangular in retrolateral view; terminal apophysis broad at base, triangular and heavily sclerotized distally; subterminal apophysis semi-circular in apical view.
Figure
29.Pengaraneusqingtian sp. nov. male holotype
Female(paratype IZCAS-Ar45148, Figure 28A–G): Total length 3.45. Carapace 1.45 long, 1.25 wide. Abdomen 2.40 long, 3.20 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.13, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.28, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.30, MOA length 0.28, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.30. Leg measurements: I 4.65 (1.70, 1.65, 0.85, 0.45), II 4.30 (1.55, 1.50, 0.80, 0.45), III 2.90 (1.05, 1.00, 0.50, 0.35), IV 3.70 (1.35, 1.30, 0.70, 0.35). Habitus similar to that of male, but cephalic region lacking grey patch.
Epigyne (Figure 28A–D): Epigynal plate ~1.73× wider than long, heavily sclerotized with notched posterior scape; copulatory openings situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts twisted, about equal length to spermathecae; spermathecae ovoid, nearly touching.
Variation: Total length: ♀ 2.90–4.25 (n=7).
Distribution: China (Yunnan).
Etymology: The specific name is derived from the song “qing tian” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Genus Poltys C. L. Koch, 1843
PoltysC. L. Koch, 1843: 97.
Type species.Poltys illepidus C. L. Koch, 1843.
Diagnosis: Female Poltys can be easily distinguished from other araneid genera by a combination characters: widely separated lateral eyes, doubly domed, pear-shaped carapace and prominent eye tubercle; male Poltys have significantly reduced body size compared to females, eye tubercles also reduced, abdomen oval without humps.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Lvshilin Forest Park (N21º54.61', E101º16.87', ca 630 m a.s.l.), 14.XI.2009, G. Tang and Z.Y. Yao leg., IZCAS-Ar45154. Paratypes: 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, banyan garden (N21°55.72', E101°15.14', ca 520 m a.s.l.), 31.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45155; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.60', E101°14.87', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 4.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45156; 2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, palm plantation (N21°55.47', E101°15.05', ca 560 m a.s.l.), 6.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45157–45158; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #3 site around the dump (N21°54.34', E101°16.79', ca 620 m a.s.l.), 2.V.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45159; 1♂, same locality as holotype (N21°54.58', E101°16.50', ca 570 m a.s.l.), 5.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45160.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles P. stygius Thorell, 1898 in genitalic structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) female abdomen ~4.16× longer than wide (Figure 30B, C) vs ~1.27× longer than wide (Smith, 2006 figure 45); 2) epigyne ~2.49× wider than long (Figure 32A) vs ~2.07× wider than long (Smith, 2006 figure 52); 3) embolus almost straight (Figure 31A) vs evenly curved (Smith, 2006 figure 64); 4) conductor about equal width to embolus in prolateral view (Figure 31A) vs wider than embolus (Smith, 2006 figure 64); 5) conductor evenly tapered in ventral view (Figure 31C) vs tapered abruptly at tip (Smith, 2006 figure 65); and 6) tip of conductor directed toward terminal apophysis in ventral view (Figure 31C) vs directed toward median apophysis (Smith, 2006 figure 65).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 30G–I, 31A–D). Total length 1.68. Carapace 0.88 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen 1.33 long, 0.83 wide. Clypeus 0.03 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PME 0.10, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.11, PME–PLE 0.13, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.23, posterior width 0.28. Leg measurements: I 3.11 (1.08, 1.08, 0.55, 0.40), II 2.75 (0.88, 1.00, 0.52, 0.35), III 1.52 (0.55, 0.52, 0.23, 0.22), IV 2.18 (0.80, 0.70, 0.35, 0.33). Carapace pear shaped, yellowish brown. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea depressed. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites square, greyish yellow with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, greyish yellow. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.61× longer than wide, whitish yellow. Venter greyish yellow. Spinnerets greyish yellow.
Pedipalp (Figure 31A–D): Paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis with broad triangular base and slender, hooked tip; paramedian apophysis blunt; embolus tapered and gently curved; conductor narrow triangular in prolateral view; terminal apophysis membranous, curled tip of embolus.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45156, Figures 30A–F, J–M, 32A–E): Total length 9.60. Carapace 4.90 long, 3.50 wide. Abdomen 20.80 long, 5.00 wide. Clypeus 0.38 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.13, PME 0.23, PLE 0.15, AME–AME 0.20, AME–ALE 0.13, PME–PME 0.25, PME–PLE 0.93, MOA length 0.50, anterior width 0.55, posterior width 0.55. Leg measurements: I 19.10 (6.20, 7.20, 4.00, 1.70), II 17.90 (5.50, 6.90, 3.80, 1.70), III 11.90 (4.30, 4.50, 2.00, 1.10), IV 14.60 (5.20, 5.50, 2.70, 1.20). Carapace pear shaped with distinct eye tubercles, yellowish brown, cephalic region and thoracic region arched in lateral view. Cervical groove conspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, yellowish brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown without annuli, tibiae and metatarsi of legs I and II with dense macrosetae. Abdomen rather high, ~4.16× longer than wide, with protuberances laterally; dorsum greyish yellow with irregular darker patches. Venter, including spinnerets, greyish brown.
Epigyne(Figure 32A–E): Epigynal plate ~1.67× wider than long in ventral view, posterior margins rimmed; copulatory openings deeply concave, situated on dorsal surface; copulatory ducts shorter than spermathecal diameter; spermathecae rounded, a radius apart, secondary body rounded.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 1.55–1.68 (n=2); ♀ 9.40–11.80 (n=5).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: The species is named after the song “wai po” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Remarks: Conspecifity of males and females is supported by molecular evidence.
Genus Songaraneus gen. nov.
Type species:Songaraneus jiekousp. nov.
Diagnosis: The new genus resembles Singa C. L. Koch, 1836 in appearance but can be distinguished as follows: 1) carapace not smooth and glossy (Figures 33A, C, D, F, 37A, C, D, F) vs smooth and glossy (Tanikawa, 2007 figure 80); 2) sides of abdomen not parallel (Figures 33A, B, D, E, 37A, B, D, E) vs almost parallel (Almquist, 2005 figure 181h); 3) dorsal abdomen with white spots (Figures 33A, C, D, F, 37A, C, D, F) vs with longitudinal band mesally (Almquist, 2005 figure 181h); 4) scape about equal width to epigynal base (Figures 35A–D, 36C–F, 39A, B, D, E) vs about 1/2 width of epigynal base (Almquist, 2005 figure 181f); and 5) lacking subterminal apophysis (Figures 34A–D, 36A, B, 38A–D) vs subterminal apophysis present (Almquist, 2005 figure 181d).
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Description: Small to median orb-weaving spiders. Carapace longer than wide, pear shaped; median ocular area wider anteriorly than posteriorly; cervical groove conspicuous; sternum heart shaped. Leg I longer than others; coxa I of male with hook; femur II of male with basal groove. Abdomen elliptical, with paler markings. Pedipalp of male with two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis wide at base, tapered distally; embolus wide at base, spiralled distally; conductor weakly sclerotized; terminal apophysis weakly sclerotized, flap-shaped or pointed distally. Epigyne with short scape, scape nearly as wide as epigynal base; copulatory openings situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts longer than spermathecae, twisted; spermathecae spherical or ovoid, touching each other or separated.
Etymology: The generic name is a compound word with “Song” and the generic name Araneus, “Song” is the family name of the late academic Daxiang Song (Hebei University), one of the founders of the taxonomy of Chinese spiders. Gender is masculine.
Composition:Songaraneus jiekousp. nov., S.tuihousp. nov., S. ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov. and S. perpolita (Thorell, 1893) comb. nov.
Remarks: The species S. ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Araneus and S. perpolita (Thorell, 1893) comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Singa, and both are based on morphological resemblance, especially the elliptical abdomen with paler markings, distally spiralled embolus, and posteriorly situated copulatory openings.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, vine garden (N21°55.80', E101°15.41', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 4.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45055. Paratypes: 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (lacking latitude, longitude and altitude), 8.X.2006, G. Zheng and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45056; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, riverside near the suspension bridge (N21°56.02', E101°15.06', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 1.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45057; 1♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, bamboo plantation (N21°55.96', E101°15.17', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 8.V.2019, C. Wang leg., IZCAS-Ar45058; 1♂, same locality and collector as IZCAS-Ar45057, 9.V.2019; IZCAS-Ar45059.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles S. ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov. in appearance and genitalic structure, but it can be distinguished as follows: 1) median apophysis long, distal end almost reaches the tip of the conductor in prolateral view (Figure 34A, B) vs short, only reaching the base of the conductor (Figure 36A, B); 2) base of embolus narrower than that of terminal apophysis in apical view (Figure 34D) vs broader than that of terminal apophysis (Figure 36B); 3) base of terminal apophysis closer to conductor than to base of embolus in apical view (Figure 34D) vs closer to base of embolus than to conductor (Figure 36B); 4) copulatory openings visible in ventral view (Figure 35A) vs invisible (Figure 36C); 5) scape ~2.75× wider than long (Figure 35B) vs ~2.28× wider than long (Figure 36D); and 6) twisted part of the copulatory duct about equal width to spermatheca (Figure 35D) vs about ~1.6× wider than spermatheca (Figure 36F).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 33D–J, 34A–D). Total length 4.40. Carapace 2.30 long, 1.65 wide. Abdomen 2.50 long, 2.05 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.08, PME 0.13, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.35, MOA length 0.35, anterior width 0.40, posterior width 0.25. Leg measurements: I 8.20 (2.35, 2.85, 2.25, 0.75), II 6.40 (1.90, 2.10, 1.70, 0.70), III 3.65 (1.20, 1.15, 0.80, 0.50), IV 5.30 (1.60, 1.80, 1.35, 0.55). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea depressed. Chelicerae dark brown, with four promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, dark brown. Legs yellow, with yellowish brown annuli at distal tibiae. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.22× longer than wide, greyish brown; dorsum with two mesal and four pairs of lateral white patches. Venter greyish brown with pair of white patches. Spinnerets greyish brown.
Pedipalp(Figure 34A–D): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis broad at base, tapered at tip, angled at approximately 90° in prolateral view; conductor broad at base, membranous at tip; embolus about half bulb diameter in length in apical view, spiralled approximately 540°; terminal apophysis thick at base, membranous at tip, C-shaped in ventral view.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45056, Figures 33A–C, 35A–D): Total length 5.55. Carapace 2.70 long, 1.95 wide. Abdomen 3.80 long, 3.40 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.08, PME 0.13, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.25, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.38, MOA length 0.38, anterior width 0.40, posterior width 0.25. Leg measurements: I 8.40 (2.40, 2.80, 2.45, 0.75), II 6.70 (1.95, 2.30, 1.80, 0.65), III 4.00 (1.30, 1.35, 0.85, 0.50), IV 6.25 (1.95, 2.15, 1.60, 0.55). Habitus morphology and colouration similar to that of male, but abdomen comparatively wider.
Epigyne (Figure 35A–D): Epigynal plate ~2× wider than long in ventral view, with short, rimmed scape; copulatory openings circular in ventral view, situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts twisted, close to copulatory openings, longer than spermathecae; spermathecae ovoid, touching each other.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 3.90–4.40 (n=3); ♀ 5.55–6.05 (n=2).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “xing qing” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Comparative material:Songaraneus ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov., 1♂1♀, China: Guizhou Province, Shibing County, Chengguan Township (N27°3.02', E108°7.78', ca 710 m a.s.l.), 21.VII.2019, X.Q. Mi et al. leg. (Figure 36A–F).
Remarks: Because the type locality of S. ejusmodi is in Japan, we identified this species mainly based on the figures of Tanikawa (2007). Both the species S. ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov. and Araneus qianshan Zhu, Zhang & Gao, 1998 (Zhu et al., 1998) having consistent elliptical abdomen with yellow markings and triangular epigynal plate with a large coalescent copulatory opening in posterior view, thus, we consider S. ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) a senior synonym of Araneus qianshan Zhu, Zhang & Gao, 1998 syn. nov. (holotype, ♀, China: Anhui Province, Anqing City, Qianshan County, collected in 21.V.1997 by Z. Zhang, deposited in Museum of Hebei University, not examined).
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G–J: Male legs, prolateral view. G: Leg I. H: Leg II. I: Leg III. J: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #1 site around the road (N21°53.62', E101°18.25', ca 590 m a.s.l.), 28.IV.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45060; Paratypes: 1♂1♀, same data as for holotype, IZCAS-Ar45061–45062; 1♂3♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, secondary tropical forest, Anogeissus acuminate plantation (about 20 years), along G213 roadside (N21°54.03', E101°16.89', 610 m a.s.l.), 2.VIII.2018, Z.L. Bai et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45063–45066; 3♂, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #1 site in Mafengzhai (N21°53.62', E101°18.25', ca 520 m a.s.l.), 29.IV.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45067–45069; 1♂2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (N21°54.18', E101°16.90', ca 610 m a.s.l.), 5.V.2019, Y.F. Tong et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45070–45072.
Diagnosis: The female of this species resembles S.perpolita (Thorell, 1892) comb. nov. in appearance and genitalic structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) scape constricted at base (Figure 39B, D) vs unconstricted (unpublished data); 2) lateral edges of scape not parallel (Figure 39B, D) vs parallel (unpublished data); and 3) lateral sclerite of epigyne extended to inner edges of copulatory openings (Figure 39D) vs not extended to inner edges of copulatory openings (unpublished data). The male of this species resembles S. ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov. in appearance, but differs by the: 1) median apophysis elliptical at base with a fine tip in prolateral view (Figure 38A) vs twisted to C-shaped (Figure 36A); and 2) terminal apophysis thick (Figure 38A, D) vs membranous (Figure 36A).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 37D–J, 39A–D). Total length 3.70. Carapace 2.15 long, 1.60 wide. Abdomen 2.00 long, 1.40 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.20, MOA length 0.33, anterior width 0.35, posterior width 0.23. Leg measurements: I 6.80 (2.00, 2.30, 1.80, 0.70), II 5.20 (1.65, 1.55, 1.40, 0.60), III 3.25 (1.10, 1.00, 0.70, 0.45), IV 5.10 (1.65, 1.65, 1.30, 0.50). Carapace pear shaped, yellowish brown. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with five promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endites wider than long, yellowish brown. Sternum cordiform, yellowish brown with interrupted T-shaped paler patches. Legs yellow to yellowish brown, without annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.43× longer than wide, greyish yellow; dorsum with two mesal and three pairs of lateral white patches. Venter greyish yellow with broad white patch. Spinnerets yellow.
Pedipalp(Figure 38A–D): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis elliptical at base in prolateral view, with slender fine tip; embolus thick, slightly spiralled at tip; conductor thick, weakly sclerotized, with distal protuberance; terminal apophysis broad at base, sharply curved and tapered at tip.
Female (IZCAS-Ar45062, Figures 37A–C, 39A–E): Total length 5.30. Carapace 2.45 long, 1.75 wide. Abdomen 2.45 long, 2.80 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.10, PME 0.13, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.15, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.28, MOA length 0.38, anterior width 0.38, posterior width 0.25. Leg measurements: I 8.55 (2.50, 3.00, 2.30, 0.75), II 6.80 (2.05, 2.25, 1.85, 0.65), III 4.30 (1.40, 1.45, 0.90, 0.55), IV 6.70 (2.05, 2.30, 1.75, 0.60). Habitus similar to that of male but dorsal abdomen paler.
Epigyne (Figure 39A–E): Epigynal plate ~1.4× wider than long in ventral view, with rounded, rimmed scape; copulatory openings arcuate, situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts spiralled 360° close to copulatory openings, longer than spermathecal diameter; spermathecae rounded, not touching.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 3.30–4.20 (n=8); ♀ 4.10–5.30 (n=5).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “tui hou” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Genus Talthybia Thorell, 1898
TalthybiaThorell, 1898: 377.
Type species:Talthybia depressa Thorell, 1898.
Diagnosis: This monotypic genus resembles Dolophones Walckenaer, 1837 in having a somewhat flattened habitus, but differs in: 1) lateral eyes situated on a pair of tubercles (Figure 40A, D, G, H) vs lacking eye tubercles (Davies, 1988 figure 28); 2) pedipalp with two patellar bristles (Figure 41B, C) vs several patellar bristles (Davies, 1988 figure 28); 3) lacking paramedian apophysis (Figure 41A) vs present (Davies, 1988 figure 28); and 4) scape spoon-like distally (Figure 42A) vs not spoon-like (Davies, 1988 figure 28).
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G: Eye region of male, dorsal view. H: Ibid., lateral view. I–L: Male legs, prolateral view. I: Leg I. J: Leg II. K: Leg III. L: Leg IV. Scale bars: 10.0 mm (A–F): 1.0 mm (G, H): 5.0 mm (I–L). Photo by X.Q.M.
Talthybia depressa Thorell, 1898: 377 (juvenile); Han et al., 2009: 59, figures 17, 19, 21–28 (♀); Mohagan et al., 2020: 524, figures 2A–E, 3.1–2 (♀) (not examined).
Material examined: 1♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (N21°55.40', E101°14.88', ca 510 m a.s.l.), 18.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45161; 2♂2♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, around the museum (N21°55.60', E101°15.50', ca 550 m a.s.l.), 23.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45162–45165; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.97', E101°15.07', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 24.VII.2018, X.Q. Mi et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45166.
Diagnosis: See diagnosis for the genus.
Description: Male (IZCAS-Ar45162, Figures 40D–L, 41A–D). Total length 14.80. Carapace 8.70 long, 7.60 wide. Abdomen 9.20 long, 8.50 wide. Clypeus 0.50 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.40, ALE 0.20, PME 0.30, PLE 0.20, AME–AME 0.35, AME–ALE 1.20, PME–PME 0.55, PME–PLE 1.15, MOA length 1.00, anterior width 1.05, posterior width 1.05. Leg measurements: I 28.30 (9.50, 10.00, 7.00, 1.80), II 27.60 (8.90, 10.20, 6.70, 1.80), III 20.80 (8.40, 6.90, 4.00, 1.50), IV 26.50 (8.60, 9.50, 6.70, 1.70). Carapace pear shaped with pair of pointed lateral eye tubercles, dark brown. Cervical groove conspicuous; fovea transverse. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with four promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, yellow with brown edges. Legs yellow without annuli; coxa I hooked, femur I with cluster of retrolateral macrosetae; tibia I with three rows of macrosetae; femur II with basal groove, tibia II expanded, with three rows of macrosetae, metatarsus II with nine short macrosetae at distal half. Abdomen cordiform, rather flat, ~1.08× longer than wide; dorsum yellow, with dozens of sigillae. Venter greyish yellow. Spinnerets yellow.
Pedipalp(Figure 41A–D): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis rather long, tapered towards tip, gently curved distally; embolus long, lamella, sharply tapered distally; conductor prominent, almost square, heavily sclerotized; terminal apophysis lamella about equal length to embolus.
Female (IZCAS-Ar45164, Figures 40A–C, 42A–E): Total length 20.10. Carapace 8.00 long, 9.10 wide. Abdomen 14.00 long, 17.50 wide. Clypeus 0.40 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.35, ALE 0.20, PME 0.30, PLE 0.20, AME–AME 0.45, AME–ALE 1.90, PME–PME 0.65, PME–PLE 1.60, MOA length 1.05, anterior width 1.05, posterior width 1.20. Leg measurements: I 29.40 (8.90, 10.70, 7.70, 2.10), II 28.90 (8.80, 10.40, 7.70, 2.00), III 20.50 (7.40, 7.00, 4.30, 1.80), IV 28.60 (8.30, 11.00, 7.30, 2.00). Habitus similar to that of male but abdomen a bit wider than long.
Epigyne (Figure 42A–E): Elongated triangular scape ~2.08× longer than wide and reflexed at base; copulatory openings concaved, situated on ventral surface, completely covered by scape in ventral view; copulatory ducts gently twisted, a bit longer than spermathecae; spermathecae ovoid, with papillate ends, nearly touching.
Variation: Total length: ♂ 14.50–15.50 (n=3); ♀ 16.50–22.00 (n=3).
Distribution: China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore.
Remarks: The male of this monotypic genus is described for the first time, and the diagnosis of the genus with reference to males is updated.
Genus Tangaraneus gen. nov.
Type species:Tangaraneusgeqiansp. nov.
Diagnosis: The new genus resembles Eriophora Simon, 1864 in having an elongated scape and long median apophysis, but it can be distinguished as follows: 1) pedipalp lacking paramedian apophysis (Figure 44A, C) vs with paramedian apophysis (Levi, 1970 figure 7); 2) scape directed posteriorly (Figure 45A, B) vs directed anteriorly at its base abruptly turning posteriorly (Levi, 1970 figure 12); and 3) scape evenly tapered from base to tip (Figure 45A) vs constricted at middle part (Levi, 1970 figure 12).
Figure
44.Tangaraneusgeqian sp. nov. male holotype, expanded
A: Pedipalp, prolateral view. B: Ibid., retrolateral view. C: Ibid., apical view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: C: Conductor, E: Embolus, MA: Median apophysis, TA: Terminal apophysis. Photo by X.Q.M.
Etymology: The generic name is a compound word with “Tang” and the generic name Araneus. “Tang” is the family name of the late Dr. Guo Tang (Hunan Normal University), who contributed greatly to the taxonomy of Chinese crab spiders. Gender is masculine.
A, D: Habitus, dorsal view. B, E: Ibid., ventral view. C, F: Ibid., lateral view. G, H, J, K: Male legs, prolateral view. I: Male leg, retrolateral view. G: Leg I. H, I: Leg II. J: Leg III. K: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Photo by X.Q.M.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.51', E101°16.04', ca 530 m a.s.l.), 13.V.–13.VI.2020, Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45167. Paratypes: 1♀, same data as for holotype; IZCAS-Ar45168; 2♀, Mengla County, Mohan Township, Shanggang Village, Xiaolongha (N21°24.21', E101°36.40', ca 830 m a.s.l.), 3.VII.2012, Q.Y. Zhao and Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45169–45170.
Diagnosis: See diagnosis for the genus.
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 43D–K, 44A–C). Total length 4.90. Carapace 3.10 long, 2.40 wide. Abdomen 3.30 long, 2.50 wide. Clypeus 0.28 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.10, PME 0.13, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.20, AME–ALE 0.33, PME–PME 0.23, PME–PLE 0.55, MOA length 0.43, anterior width 0.48, posterior width 0.43. Leg measurements: I 8.80 (2.80, 3.40, 1.70, 0.90), II 7.40 (2.40, 2.70, 1.50, 0.80), III 4.70 (1.60, 1.70, 0.90, 0.50), IV 6.90 (2.30, 2.40, 1.50, 0.70). Carapace pear-shaped, yellowish brown, bearing dense paler hairs. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown, paler in inner and anterior edges. Sternum cordiform, yellow, with longitudinal whitish yellow patch posteriorly. Legs yellowish brown, without annuli; coxa I hooked, tibia II grooved at base, with seven ventral macrosetae arranged in a line; femur II slightly curved. Abdomen ~1.29× longer than wide, with distinct anterior hump; dorsum greyish yellow with dark brown folium posteriorly. Venter and spinnerets greyish yellow.
Pedipalp (Figure 44A–C): With two patellar bristles; paracymbium flattened; median apophysis ~4.9× longer than wide, with fine tip; embolus thick at base, curved and tapered into fine tip; conductor curled, weakly sclerotized in middle part and heavily sclerotized in edges; terminal apophysis membranous, about equal length to embolus.
Female(paratype IZCAS-Ar45168, Figures 43A–C, 45A–E): Total length 6.40. Carapace 3.70 long, 3.00 wide. Abdomen 5.90 long, 5.20 wide. Clypeus 0.25 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.10, PME 0.13, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.23, AME–ALE 0.58, PME–PME 0.25, PME–PLE 0.75, MOA length 0.50, anterior width 0.50, posterior width 0.48. Leg measurements: I 9.70 (3.10, 3.70, 1.90, 1.00), II 9.20 (2.90, 3.50, 1.90, 0.90), III 5.80 (1.90, 2.20, 1.00, 0.70), IV 8.40 (2.40, 3.30, 1.90, 0.80). Habitus similar to that of male but cervical groove more conspicuous.
Epigyne (Figure 45A–E): Scape ~2.8× longer than wide in ventral view, evenly tapered from base to tip; copulatory openings situated on ventral surface of epigynal base; copulatory ducts coiled 360º near copulatory openings, longer than spermathecae; spermathecae kidney shaped, not touching.
Variation: Total length: ♀ 6.40–7.90 (n=3).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: The species is named after the song “ge qian” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Genus Wangaraneus gen. nov.
Type species:Wangaraneusyequsp. nov.
Diagnosis: The new genus resembles Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871 in appearance but can be distinguished as follows: 1) carapace not smooth and glossy (Figures 46A, C, D, F, 49A, C, D, F) vs smooth and glossy (Tanikawa, 2007 figures 73–75); 2) abdomen with pair of posterolateral humps (Figures 46A–F, 49A–F) vs lacking (Tanikawa, 2007 figures 73–75); 3) palpal tibia deeply bifurcated (Figures 47E, 50E) vs not bifurcated (Levi, 1971 figures 38, 39); 4) cymbium with dorsal protuberance at base (arrows in Figures 47A, 50A) vs lacking (Levi, 1971 figures 35–39); 5) lacking tegular spur (Figures 47B–D, 50B–D) vs with long tegular spur (Levi, 1971 figures 35–39); and 6) epigynal plate convex (Figures 48A–D, 51A–C) or flat (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6A) vs with median, raised septum and lateral depressions (Levi, 1971 figures 40, 41).
Description: Small orb-weaving spiders. Carapace longer than wide, pear shaped; eyes with black bases, median ocular area wider posteriorly than anteriorly; cervical groove conspicuous in females and inconspicuous in males; sternum heart shaped. Abdomen longer than wide, blunt anteriorly and truncated posteriorly, with pair of posterolateral humps; dorsum with intermittent longitudinal paler band and one or two transverse paler bands. Pedipalp of male with two patellar bristles; palpal tibia deeply bifurcated; cymbium covers most of bulb in prolateral view, with dorsal protuberance at base; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis prominent; embolus tapered or threadlike; conductor weakly sclerotized, parallel-sided in apical view; terminal apophysis membranous. Epigynal plate wider than long, convex or flat; copulatory openings situated on posterior or ventral surface; copulatory ducts slightly longer than spermathecae; spermathecae round, touching each other or separated.
Etymology: The generic name is a compound word with “Wang” and the generic name Araneus, “Wang” is the family name of the late prof. Fengzhen Wang (Jilin University), one of the founders of the taxonomy of Chinese spiders. Gender is masculine.
Composition:Wangaraneus yequsp. nov., W. ryani (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov. and W. zioni (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov.
Comment: The species W. ryani (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov. and W. zioni (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov. are transferred from the genus Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871, based on habitus and pedipalp resemblance, especially the posteriorly truncated abdomen with a pair of posterolateral humps, the deeply bifurcated palpal tibia, and cymbium with dorsal protuberance at base.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, #1 site around the dump (N21°54.28', E101°16.75', ca 630 m a.s.l.), 25.IV.2019, Z.L. Bai et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45107. Paratypes: 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, along G213 roadside (N21°53.55', E101°16.39', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 3.VIII.2018, C. Wang et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45108; 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (lacking latitude, longitude and altitude), 23.XII.2006, S.Q. Li leg., IZCAS-Ar45109.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles W. ryani (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) in appearance and genitalic structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) epigynal plate convex with broad posterior lobe (Figure 48A–D) vs flat (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6A); 2) copulatory openings slit-like (Figure 48A) vs rounded (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6A); 3) spermathecae less than one radius apart (Figure 48D, E) vs more than one radius apart (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6B, C); 4) dorsal ramus of pedipalp tibia lacking denticles (Figure 47E) vs with four denticles (Mi et al., 2023b figure 7A–C); and 5) embolus threadlike in prolateral view (Figure 47A–D) vs tapered (Mi et al., 2023b figure 7A).
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 46D–F, 47A–E). Total length 2.55. Carapace 1.25 long, 0.88 wide. Abdomen 1.55 long, 0.90 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PME 0.08, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.14, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.17, MOA length 0.22, anterior width 0.20, posterior width 0.23. Leg measurements: I 3.40 (1.05, 1.15, 0.75, 0.45), II 3.25 (1.00, 1.10, 0.70, 0.45), III 2.30 (0.75, 0.75, 0.45, 0.35), IV 3.20 (1.05, 1.05, 0.70, 0.40). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea depressed. Chelicerae dark brown, with four promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown with triangular patches. Sternum cordiform, dark brown. Legs yellowish brown, legs III and IV with yellow annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.72× longer than wide, dark brown; dorsum with cross-shaped paler patches. Venter dark brown. Spinnerets yellowish brown.
Pedipalp (Figure 47A–E): With two patellar bristles; tibia bifurcated, ventral ramus with two denticles; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis prominent, rounded at base, with dorsal protuberance; embolus threadlike; conductor membranous, with sides nearly parallel, about 3.4× longer than wide in apical view; terminal apophysis long, narrowed medially, broadened and membranous at tip.
Female(paratype IZCAS-Ar45109, Figures 46A–C, 48A–E): Total length 2.50. Carapace 1.05 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 1.90 long, 1.65 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.08, AME–ALE 0.15, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.28, MOA length 0.20, anterior width 0.20, posterior width 0.25. Leg measurements: I 3.04 (0.93, 1.05, 0.63, 0.43), II 2.71 (0.83, 0.93, 0.55, 0.40), III 2.02 (0.63, 0.63, 0.38, 0.38), IV 2.97 (0.98, 0.98, 0.63, 0.38). Habitus similar to that of male, but posterolateral humps on abdomen more obvious.
Epigyne(Figure 48A–E): Epigynal plate ~2.14× wider than long in ventral view, with broad posterior lobe; copulatory openings depressed, situated on lateral surface; copulatory ducts semi-circular; spermathecae rounded, not touching.
Variation: Total length: ♀ 2.50–2.60 (n=2).
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “ye qu” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Remarks: Conspecifity of male and females is supported by molecular evidence.
Wangaraneus zioni (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov.
Material examined: 1♂1♀, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Baihuayuan (N21°55.95', E101°15.03', ca 540 m a.s.l.), 13.V.–13.VI.2020, Z.G. Chen leg., IZCAS-Ar45110–45111.
Diagnosis: This species resembles W. ryani (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) in appearance and pedipalp structure but can be distinguished as follows: 1) epigynal plate with raised posterior lobe (Figure 51A–C) vs flat (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6A); 2) copulatory openings situated on posterior surface, slit-like (Figure 51B) vs on ventral surface, rounded (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6A); 3) spermathecae touching each other (Figure 51C, D) vs more than one radius apart (Mi et al., 2023b figure 6B, C); 4) dorsal ramus of pedipalp tibia with five denticles (Figure 50E) vs with four denticles (Mi et al., 2023b figure 7A–C); 5) ventral ramus of pedipalp tibia not bifurcated (Figure 50E) vs bifurcated (Mi et al., 2023b figure 7B, C); and 6) conductor not covering terminal apophysis and embolus in apical view (Figure 50D) vs covering (Mi et al., 2023b figure 7D).
Description: Male (IZCAS-Ar45110, Figures 49D–F, 50A–E). Total length 2.30. Carapace 1.10 long, 0.90 wide. Abdomen 1.30 long, 0.85 wide. Clypeus 0.20 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.05, PME 0.08, PLE 0.06, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.15, MOA length 0.20, anterior width 0.18, posterior width 0.20. Leg measurements: I 3.30 (1.00, 1.10, 0.75, 0.45), II 3.20 (0.95, 1.10, 0.70, 0.45), III 2.30 (0.75, 0.75, 0.45, 0.35), IV 3.15 (1.00, 1.00, 0.75, 0.40). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown. Cervical groove inconspicuous; fovea longitudinal. Chelicerae dark brown, with four promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, dark brown. Legs yellow with brown annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.53× longer than wide, dark brown; dorsum with cross-shaped paler patches. Venter dark brown. Spinnerets yellowish grey.
Pedipalp(Figure 50A–E): With two patellar bristles; tibia bifurcated, dorsal ramus with five denticles, ventral ramus with long spur; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis prominent, with flattened protuberance distally; embolus thick at base, curved and tapered into fine tip; conductor membranous, with sides nearly parallel at distal half, about 1.5× longer than wide in apical view; terminal apophysis rather weak, narrowest medially, broadened and membranous distally.
Female(paratype IZCAS-Ar45111, Figures 49A–C, 51A–D): Total length 2.70. Carapace 1.10 long, 0.90 wide. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.25 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.06, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.13, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.18, MOA length 0.25, anterior width 0.23, posterior width 0.28. Leg measurements: I 3.20 (1.00, 1.10, 0.65, 0.45), II 2.90 (0.90, 1.00, 0.60, 0.40), III 2.25 (0.70, 0.75, 0.45, 0.35), IV 3.20 (1.05, 1.10, 0.65, 0.40). Habitus similar to that of male but darker.
Epigyne(Figure 51A–D): Epigynal plate ~1.37× wider than long in ventral view, with raised posterior lobe; copulatory openings slit-like, situated laterally on posterior surface; copulatory ducts twisted, about equal length to spermathecae; spermathecae rounded, touching each other.
Distribution: China (Yunnan), Vietnam.
Genus Yinaraneus gen. nov.
Type species:Yinaraneusanhaosp. nov.
Diagnosis: The new genus resembles Xylethrus Simon, 1895 in having the cephalic region elevated, the sternum truncate with a shallow notch posteriorly between coxae IV, leg IV longer than or equal to leg I, the abdomen as wide as long, and with a sclerotized ring around the spinnerets, but can be distinguished as follows: 1) cephalic region as wide as thoracic region (Figures 52E, 55E) vs narrower than thoracic region (Levi, 1996 figure 250); 2) cervical groove deeply constricted (Figures 52E, 55E) vs slightly constricted (Levi, 1996 figure 250); 3) posterior median eyes slightly larger than or equal to anterior median eyes vs posterior median eyes somewhat smaller than anterior median eyes (Levi, 1996: 132); 4) abdomen lacking sclerotized disks (Figures 52A, F, 55A, F) vs covered with sclerotized disks (Levi, 1996 figures 256, 257); 5) pedipalp longer than wide (Figures 53A–C, 56A–C) vs wider than long (Levi, 1996 figures 275, 276); 6) paramedian apophysis broad at base, tapered distally (Figures 53A, 55A) vs paramedian apophysis drawn out, thread-like (Levi, 1996 figures 275, 276); and 7) with epigynal hood (Figure 54A, D) vs absent (Levi, 1996 figures 252, 254).
A, F: Habitus, dorsal view. B, G: Ibid., ventral view. C, H: Ibid., lateral view. D, I: Ibid., anterior view. E: Cephalothorax, dorsal view. J–M: Male legs, prolateral view. J: Leg I. K: Leg II. L: Leg III. M: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–I), 0.5mm (J–M). Photo by X.Q.M.
Description: Small orb-weaving spiders. Carapace longer than wide, hexagonal in frontal view, median ocular area wider posteriorly than anteriorly; cephalic region elevated, cervical groove deeply constricted; sternum heart shaped with posterior notch. Leg IV longer than or equal to leg I; coxa I of male without hook; femur II of male without basal groove. Abdomen width and length about equal, elevated medially, almost completely covering carapace in females. Venter with epigastric scutum encircling pedicel, and sclerotized ring surrounding spinnerets. Pedipalp of male without patellar bristles; paracymbium finger-like; tegulum longer than wide, with long sperm duct making two loops; median apophysis flattened, situated on the edge of bulb surface; paramedian apophysis pointed at tip; embolus threadlike; conductor membranous; lacking terminal apophysis. Epigyne well-sclerotized, with hood at midline; copulatory openings small, situated on ventral or posterior surface; copulatory ducts invisible; spermathecae elliptical, touching each other.
Etymology: The generic name is a compound word with “Yin” and the generic name Araneus. “Yin” is the family name of the late Prof. Changmin Yin (Hunan Normal University), one of the founders of the taxonomy of Chinese spiders. Gender is masculine.
Composition:Yinaraneusanhaosp. nov. and Y.caihongsp. nov.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, rubber plantation (about 20 years) (N21º54.65', E101º16.26', ca 570 m a.s.l.), 16.VII.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45171. Paratype: 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve (N21º57.67', E101º11.89', ca 790 m a.s.l.), 7.VIII.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45172.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles Y.caihongsp. nov. in appearance and genitalic structures, but can be distinguished as follows: 1) female abdomen covering most of carapace in dorsal view (Figure 52F) vs totally covering carapace (Figure 55F); 2) dorsal abdomen with two humps in lateral view (Figure 52C, H) vs with only one hump (Figure 55C, H); 3) copulatory openings situated on ventral surface (Figure 54A) vs on posterior surface (Figure 54D); 4) epigynal hood situated anterior to median plate (Figure 54A) vs on posterior surface of median plate (Figure 54D); 5) median plate almost rectangular (Figure 53A) vs almost triangular (Figure 56A); 6) median apophysis situated on ventral edge of bulb in prolateral view (Figure 53A) vs on distal edge (Figure 56A); and 7) paramedian apophysis ~1.6× longer than wide in prolateral view (Figure 53A) vs ~2.2×longer than wide (Figure 56A).
A, F: Habitus, dorsal view. B, G: Ibid., ventral view. C, H: Ibid., lateral view. D, I: Ibid., anterior view. E: Cephalothorax, dorsal view. J–M: Male legs, prolateral view. J: Leg I. K: Leg II. L: Leg III. M: Leg IV. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–I), 0.5mm (J–M). Photo by X.Q.M.
Description: Male (holotype, Figures 52A–D, J–M, 53A–D). Total length 1.95. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.73 wide. Abdomen 1.75 long, 1.80 wide. Clypeus 0.23 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.05, PME 0.06, PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.15, AME–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.20, PME–PLE 0.25, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.20. Leg measurements: I 1.81 (0.55, 0.68, 0.25, 0.33), II 1.78 (0.55, 0.65, 0.25, 0.33), III 1.41 (0.45, 0.48, 0.20, 0.28), IV 1.91 (0.60, 0.68, 0.28, 0.35). Carapace longer than wide, dark brown, cephalic region elevated. Cervical groove deeply constricted; fovea inconspicuous. Chelicerae dark brown, with four promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Endites almost square, dark brown. Sternum cordiform, truncate with shallow notch posteriorly, dark brown. Legs yellow, without annuli. Abdomen somewhat triangular, a bit wider than long, with two low humps; dorsum greyish brown. Venter greyish brown. Spinnerets yellow.
Pedipalp(Figure 53A–D): Paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis flattened, ~2.33× longer than wide in prolateral view; paramedian apophysis widest at middle part, pointed distally; conductor membranous; embolus threadlike, straight.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45172, Figures 52E–I, 54A–C): Total length 2.36. Carapace 1.15 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 2.20 long, 2.35 wide. Clypeus 0.20 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.06, PME 0.09, PLE 0.06, AME–AME 0.13, AME–ALE 0.25, PME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.28, MOA length 0.25, anterior width 0.28, posterior width 0.35. Leg measurements: I 2.12 (0.68, 0.78, 0.33, 0.33), II 2.08 (0.70, 0.75, 0.30, 0.33), III 1.99 (0.63, 0.75, 0.28, 0.33), IV 2.39 (0.80, 0.83, 0.38, 0.38). Habitus similar to that of male, but paler in colouration, and abdomen covering most of carapace.
Epigyne(Figure 54A–C): With hood anterior to median plate; median plate rectangular, ~2.06× wider than long in ventral view; copulatory openings subtriangular, situated on ventral surface; copulatory ducts invisible; spermathecae elliptical, touching each other.
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: The species is named after the song “an hao” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Yinaraneuscaihong sp. nov.
Figures 54D–F, 55A–M, 56A–D
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve (N21º57.81', E101º12.63', ca 890 m a.s.l.), 4.VIII.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45173. Paratype: 1♀, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve (N21º54.77', E101º11.43', ca 880 m a.s.l.), 19–25.I.2007, G. Zheng leg., IZCAS-Ar45174.
Diagnosis: See diagnosis of Y.anhaosp. nov.
Description. Male (holotype, Figures 55A–D, J–M, 56A–D). Total length 1.65. Carapace 0.73 long, 0.65 wide. Abdomen 1.63 long, 1.53 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.06, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.18, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.15, MOA length 0.20, anterior width 0.23, posterior width 0.25. Leg measurements: I 1.70 (0.58, 0.63, 0.23, 0.28), II 1.69 (0.55, 0.63, 0.23, 0.28), III 1.29 (0.43, 0.43, 0.20, 0.23), IV 1.70 (0.55, 0.60, 0.25, 0.30). Carapace longer than wide, reddish brown. Cervical groove deeply constricted; fovea inconspicuous. Chelicerae reddish brown, with three promarginal teeth and one retromarginal tooth. Endites almost square, reddish brown. Sternum cordiform, truncate with shallow notch posteriorly, reddish brown. Legs yellow, with inconspicuous yellowish brown annuli. Abdomen almost rounded, ~1.07× longer than wide, with high hump; dorsum yellow. Venter and spinnerets yellow, with sclerotized ring around spinnerets.
Pedipalp(Figure 56A–D): Paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis flattened, situated on distal edge of bulb; paramedian apophysis flattened, tapered distally; conductor membranous, triangular in prolateral view; embolus threadlike.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45174, Figures 54D–F, 55E–I): Total length 2.35. Carapace 1.01 long, 0.83 wide. Abdomen 2.35 long, 2.10 wide. Clypeus 0.15 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.06, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.10, AME–ALE 0.23, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.30, MOA length 0.23, anterior width 0.25, posterior width 0.28. Leg measurements: I 2.26 (0.75, 0.83, 0.33, 0.35), II 2.24 (0.73, 0.83, 0.33, 0.35), III 1.26 (0.33, 0.35, 0.28, 0.30), IV 2.39 (0.78, 0.85, 0.38, 0.38). Habitus similar to that of male, but abdomen completely covering carapace.
Epigyne(Figure 54D–F): With hood situated on posterior surface of median plate; median plate triangular; copulatory openings situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts invisible; spermathecae elliptical, touching each other.
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: The species is named after the song “cai hong” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
Genus Zhuaraneus gen. nov.
Type species:Zhuaraneus daoxiangsp. nov.
Diagnosis: The new genus resembles Deione Thorell, 1898 in colouration and shape of abdomen but can be easily distinguished as follows: 1) abdomen with two pairs of humps medially and posteriorly (Figure 57A, C, D, F) vs two pairs of vertically arranged posterolateral humps (Mi et al., 2010 figures 1, 2 10, 11); and 2) male tibia II not enlarged vs enormously enlarged (Mi et al., 2010 figures 3, 12).
Description: Small to median orb-weaving spiders. Carapace longer than wide, pear shaped, median ocular area wider anteriorly than posteriorly; cervical groove conspicuous; sternum heart shaped. Leg I longer than others; coxa I of male without hook; femur II of male without basal groove. Abdomen longer than wide, with two pairs of dorsal humps medially and posteriorly. Pedipalp of male with two patellar bristles or lacking; paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis shorter than bulb diameter; embolus wide at base, tapered distally; conductor membranous; terminal apophysis well-sclerotized, tapered distally. Epigyne wider than long, with short scape; copulatory openings situated on ventral or posterior surface; copulatory ducts longer than or equal to spermathecal diameter; spermathecae spherical, separated.
Etymology: The generic name is a compound word with “Zhu” and the generic name Araneus, “Zhu” is the family name of the late Prof. Chuandian Zhu (Jilin University), one of the founders of the taxonomy of Chinese spiders. Gender is masculine.
Composition:Zhuaraneus daoxiangsp. nov., Zhuaraneus ethani (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov., and Zhuaraneus eugenei (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov.
Remarks: Both Z. ethani (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov. and Z. eugenei (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) comb. nov. are transferred from the genus Araneus based on having similar dark brown, pear shaped carapace, and abdomen with two pairs of dorsal humps medially and posteriorly.
Type material: Holotype: ♂, China: Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township, Menglun Nature Reserve, Lvshilin Forest Park (N21º54.77', E101º16.96', ca 600 m a.s.l.), 9.VIII.2011, G. Zheng et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45053. Paratype: 1♀, same locality as holotype (N21º54.62', E101º16.84', ca 740 m a.s.l.), 7.VIII.2011, G. Zheng et al. leg., IZCAS-Ar45054.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles Z. eugenei (Mi, Li & Pham, 2023) in appearance but can be distinguished as follows: 1) median apophysis ~2× longer than wide in prolateral view (Figure 58A) vs ~1.4× wider than long (Mi et al., 2023b figure 2A); 2) end of median apophysis directed towards the tip of the conductor (Figure 58A, B) vs directed towards the tip of cymbium (Mi et al., 2023b figure 2A); 3) terminal apophysis ~1.7× longer than embolus in apical view (Figure 58D) vs almost equal length (Mi et al., 2023b figure 2D); 4) copulatory openings straight, slit-like (Figure 59B) vs arcuate, deeply depressed (Mi et al., 2023b figure 1D); and 5) spermathecae with large ovoid secondary body (Figure 59C) vs lacking (Mi et al., 2023b figure 1C).
Description. Male (holotype, Figures 57D–F, 58A–D). Total length 2.70. Carapace 1.45 long, 1.15 wide. Abdomen 1.65 long, 1.35 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.18, AME–ALE 0.05, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.20, MOA length 0.33, anterior width 0.43, posterior width 0.20. Leg measurements: I 3.85 (1.25, 1.35, 0.75, 0.50), II 3.55 (1.10, 1.30, 0.70, 0.45), III 2.50 (0.80, 0.85, 0.45, 0.40), IV 3.20 (1.00, 1.10, 0.65, 0.45). Carapace pear shaped, dark brown with mesal longitudinal paler patch. Cervical groove conspicuous; fovea inconspicuous. Chelicerae dark brown, with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth. Endites rectangular, dark brown with paler inner edges. Sternum cordiform, dark brown. Legs brown with yellow annuli. Abdomen elliptical, ~1.22× longer than wide, with two pairs of humps medially and posteriorly; dorsum yellowish brown with irregular dark patches. Venter dark brown. Spinnerets yellow.
Pedipalp (Figure 58A–D): Paracymbium finger-like; median apophysis prominent, distal end horn shaped; embolus thick at base, twisted and tapered into fine tip; conductor membranous, about 1.55× longer than wide in apical view; terminal apophysis prominent, broad at base, tapered distally, curved to C-shaped in apical view.
Female (paratype IZCAS-Ar45054, Figures 57A–C, 59A–D): Total length 3.35. Carapace 1.50 long, 1.25 wide. Abdomen 2.30 long, 1.70 wide. Clypeus 0.05 high. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.08, PME 0.10, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.20, AME–ALE 0.10, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.23, MOA length 0.33, anterior width 0.43, posterior width 0.30. Leg measurements: I 4.35 (1.40, 1.60, 0.90, 0.45), II 4.15 (1.35, 1.50, 0.85, 0.45), III 2.75 (1.00, 0.90, 0.50, 0.35), IV 3.75 (1.15, 1.45, 0.75, 0.40). Habitus similar to that of male.
Epigyne(Figure 59A–D): Somewhat wider than long, with triangular scape; copulatory openings straight, slit-like, situated on posterior surface; copulatory ducts almost straight, shorter than spermathecal diameter; spermathecae rounded, with ovoid secondary body, not touching.
Distribution: China (only known from the type locality).
Etymology: This species is named after the song “dao xiang” by Jay Chou; noun in apposition.
DISCUSSION
As the largest spider genus and type genus of the family Araneidae, Araneus species were included in a series of phylogenetic works, and the polyphyly of Araneus was proposed (Dimitrov et al., 2017; Scharff & Coddington, 1997; Scharff et al., 2020). Some Asian Araneus species were placed into newly erected genera recently based on morphological and molecular evidence (Tanikawa et al., 2021; Tanikawa & Petcharad, 2023). The polyphyly of Chinese Araneus was first recognized by Yin (1997), who separated the Chinese Araneus into seven species groups. We propose to move some Chinese Araneus species into new genera, such as Songaraneusgen. nov. and Zhuaraneusgen. nov., mainly based on morphological characters. This proposal enhances our understanding of the phylogeny of the genus Araneus, but also paves the way for exciting future research.
Yin (1997) separated Chinese Cyclosa species into four species groups: the C. atrata species group, C. japonica species group, C. monticola species group and C. mulmeinensis group. According to Yin’s grouping, C. anjingsp. nov. and C. daodaisp. nov. belong to the C. monticola species group, C. xingqingsp. nov. belongs to C. atrata species group and C. longquansp. nov. belongs to C. japonica species group.
Archer (1951) described the genus Afraranea with the type species A. sanguipes (Thorell, 1899), Afraranea is characterised by the suberect, elongated median apophysis, and the cornified scape with spatulate tip. Grasshoff (1986) treated Afraranea as one of two subgenera of Neoscona, the other subgenus is Neoscona. According to Yin's (1997) grouping of the Chinese Neoscona species, the N. punctigera species group is related to the subgenus Afraranea.
Smith (2006) revised Poltys in the Australasian region and separated the species into four species groups, the P. illepidus species group, P. columnaris species group, P. frenchi species group and P. laciniosus species group. Poltys waiposp. nov. has a similar eye tubercle and similar genitalic structures to species of the P. illepidus group.
Pengaraneusgen. nov. resembles the genera Cnodalia Thorell, 1890 (Tanikawa, 2009) and Pronoides Schenkel, 1936 (Tanikawa, 2007) in having the median ocular region almost facing forward, the abdomen wider than long, and the epigyne with a short scape attached to anterior margin of epigynal plate.
Yinaraneusgen. nov., with a sclerotized ring around the spinnerets, leg IV longer than or equal to leg I, may belong to the Old World subfamily Gasteracanthinae.
Considering the potential high diversity of araneid genera in China, it is imperative that future phylogenetic analysis should include as many terminal taxa from China as possible, especially species of the polyphyletic genera Araneus, Argiope, Cyclosa, Neoscona and Eriovixia.
Figure
60.
Distribution of the examined specimens of Cyclosa anjing sp. nov., C. daodai sp. nov., C. longquan sp. nov., C. xingqing sp. nov. and Gasteracantha diadesmia Thorell, 1887
The specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS) in Beijing, except the comparative material of Songaraneus ejusmodi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) comb. nov., which are deposited in the Museum of Tongren University, China (TRU). The electronic version of this article in portable document format represents a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under the Code from the electronic edition alone (see Articles 8.5–8.6 of the Code). This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved, and the associated information can be viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/.
Pengaraneus Mi, Wang & Li, gen. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EC63D537-6D7A-4BF6-83FB-8938F3A54E12
Songaraneus Mi, Wang & Li, gen. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2832122E-AF4D-4E1D-A80D-1DF63001798F
Tangaraneus Mi, Wang & Li, gen. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:621710BF-ABC2-4E98-ADD7-AC0950AEE2E5
Wangaraneus Mi, Wang & Li, gen. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5104620-874B-4B08-B49F-4B0570F9911B
Yinaraneus Mi, Wang & Li, gen. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:18CC4243-CFA9-4C74-A493-2D1FC1679030
Zhuaraneus Mi, Wang & Li, gen. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:79DB2170-8E12-4DF2-8047-4768F6B92401
Cyclosa anjing Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56231535-EEC3-444B-A933-F70F35C41FCB
Cyclosa daodai Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EA88F730-AA3E-43D3-B5F6-4DAEB364D9FE
Cyclosa longquan Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7D1D2E17-4B3B-4D60-BB59-6C9762094599
Cyclosa xingqing Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D80E3F1B-5F6B-4D7E-A054-75E3FC384F9C
Guizygiella huahai Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:75C04161-2AFA-4116-9C7E-CD0EDCC3CC16
Neoscona piaoyi Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3E762215-ED2E-4689-B37F-986AA6F3DCB5
Neoscona wuding Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:87DEE1A6-8ECF-49E5-92BC-557A769FC35A
Pengaraneus qingtian Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:33AD7079-45BC-492D-9548-F42FED465EBD
Poltys waipo Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:51EF64BE-4B9B-4789-889B-15FEE286465A
Songaraneus jiekou Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:220A5AD1-3B37-4528-AA6D-674B779D6184
Songaraneus tuihou Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1ACB9BFA-2160-4851-BC1C-BEAA4E0FFE76
Tangaraneus geqian Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3C89FA91-B93C-4AD0-85AE-6F7A245E8915
Wangaraneus yequ Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:73FA17F5-A39A-44D9-9B21-C81DDADC217F
Yinaraneus anhao Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7D8C15C-854A-4BDB-BCF5-95D76CDFA32D
Yinaraneus caihong Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61B99963-12DE-4E54-B01B-22DEF42BB86A
Zhuaraneus daoxiang Mi, Wang & Li, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:309A6F56-BA47-450B-BA48-1BDAA1497096
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Sarah Crews (San Francisco, USA), Joseph K.H. Koh (Singapore), and Theo Blick (Hummeltal, Germany). Danni Sherwood kindly improved the English. Guo Tang, Guo Zheng, Yanfeng Tong, Zhiyuan Yao, Qingyuan Zhao, Hao Yu, Zilong Bai, Zhigang Chen, Jiahui Gan, Tianjun Liu, Yuanfa Yang, Hong Liu, Siyi Yan, Chaoguan Qin helped collections.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
X.Q.M. and S.Q.L. designed the study, performed morphological species identification. X.Q.M., S.Q.L. and C.W. drafted the manuscript. X.Q.M. prepared the morphological figures. C.W. prepared the distribution maps and carried out molecular experiments. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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